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{{Page espèce (plante à graines)
{{Page espèce (plante à graines)
|image = Image non disponible.JPG
|image = Fagopyrum гречка.jpg
|légende =  
|légende =  
|auteur =  
|auteur = Moench
|ordre = Caryophyllales
|ordre = Caryophyllales
|famille = Polygonaceae
|famille = Polygonaceae
|genre = Fagopyrum
|genre = Fagopyrum
|nb chromosomes = 2n =  
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 16, 32
|origine = aire d'origine
|origine = nord-ouest du Yunnan (Chine)
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
|statut = sauvage ou cultivé
|français = '''sarrasin'''
|français = '''sarrasin'''
|anglais = '''buckwheat'''
|anglais = '''buckwheat'''
}}{{Encadré
|color=lightgreen
|titre=Résumé des usages
|texte=*fruits consommés comme pseudo-céréale
*légume-feuille
*fourrage
*médicinal
*colorant bleu extrait des pailles
}}
}}
Cette page a été créée par un robot. Les premières tâches à faire sont de vérifier les liens, de clarifier la nomenclature et de choisir des photos dans Wikimedia Commons.
== Description ==
== Description ==
<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Linedrawing Fagopyrum esculentum.gif|1, rameau en fleurs ; 2, fleur ; 3, fruit non ailé ; 4, fruit ailé ; 5, vue de dessus du fruit ailé. Source: PROSEA
File:Linedrawing Fagopyrum esculentum.gif|1, rameau en fleurs ; 2, fleur ; 3, fruit non ailé ; 4, fruit ailé ; 5, vue de dessus du fruit ailé. Source: PROSEA
File:Buckwheat IMG 7647.jpg|plantes
File:Buchweizen (Fagopyrum esculentum) nach der Blüte.jpg|plante
File:Hidaka Kinchakuda Buckwheat Flower 1.JPG|fleurs
File:Fagopyrum esculentum nsh.jpg|graines
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Noms populaires ==
== Noms populaires ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
 
| français
| sarrasin, blé noir
|-
| anglais
| buckwheat
|-
| allemand
| Buchweizen
|-
| néerlandais
| boekweit
|-
| italien
| grano saraceno
|-
| espagnol
| trigo sarraceno, alforfón
|-
| portugais
| sarraceno, trigo mourisco
|-
| polonais
| gryka
|-
| russe
| гречиха - grečiha, гречка - grečka
|-
| chinois
|荞麦 - qiao mai (Flora of China)
|-
| japonais
| soba
|-
| Thaïlande
| phakbung-som (nord) (PROSEA)
|-
| Vietnam
| mạch ba góc, mạch hoa (PROSEA)
|-
| Laos
| khauz sa:m hlièmx (PROSEA)
|}
|}
*Voir les noms de la [[Polygonum (Rolland, Flore populaire)#Polygonum fagopyrum|''Flore populaire'' d'Eugène Rolland]]


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
''Fagopyrum esculentum'' Moench (1794)
basionyme :
*''Polygonum fagopyrum'' L. (1753)
synonymes :
*''Fagopyrum vulgare'' Hill (1756), nom. illeg.
*''Fagopyrum emarginatum'' (Roth) Moench (1802)
=== subsp. ''esculentum'' ===
formes cultivées
=== subsp. ''ancestrale'' ===
*subsp. ''ancestrale'' Ohnishi (1998)
formes sauvages


== Cultivars ==
== Cultivars ==


== Histoire ==
== Histoire ==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Fegopyron 503 Dodoens 1583.png|Fegopyron, Dodoens 1583, ''Stirpium historiae pemptades'', 503
File:Polygonum fagopyrum — Flora Batava — Volume v8.jpg|''Flora Batava'', 1844, vol. 8
File:Illustration Fagopyrum esculentum0 clean.jpg|Thomé, 1885, ''Flora von Deutschland''
File:280 Polygonum fagopyrum L.jpg|Masclef, 1891, ''Atlas des plantes de France''
File:Jean-François Millet (II) - Buckwheat Harvest - Summer - WGA15694.jpg|Millet, 1868-1874, récolte du sarrasin (Musée de Boston)</gallery>


== Usages ==
== Usages ==
{{Citation encadré
|texte=The cultivated races. Cultivated in Tibet, Himalaya area, India, Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Central and W Europe, but also, more recently, in Canada, USA and Cuba. Common buckwheat is used as a vegetable, as animal feed, as a green manure and as a source for buckwheat honey. But most important for human consumption are the grains, used cooked like rice or as flour for the preparation of pancakes, biscuits, noodles. In eastern Europe it is used for porridge and soups, in SE Asia an unleavened bread is made from the flour. In Russia, where it is an important crop even today, it was not grown to a larger extent until the 15th cent. In central and western Europe it is now a declining crop. In Canada and the USA an increase of the growing area can be observed. Buckwheat is known to have been cultivated in China as early as the 2nd/1st cent. BC. Other sources date the cultivation back to earlier times. It is believed to have been introduced into Japan already about 3.000 years ago, via the Korean peninsula. It is known in Central Europe since the 13th cent. probably introduced via E Europe. The centre of origin is obviously in southern China, where several other ''Fagopyrum'' species occur (''F. homotropicum'' Ohnish in Fagopyrum 15 (1998); ''F. statice'' Gross; ''F. urophyllum'' (Bur. & Franch.) Gross; ''F. leptopodum'' (Diels) Hedb.; ''F. lineare'' (Sam.) Haralds. Most recently new species closely related to cultivated buckwheat have been described from Sichuan (''F. megaspartamium'' Q.-F. Chen in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 130 (1999) 62) and Tibet (''F. zuogangense'' Q.-F. Chen, l.c. and ''F. pilus'' Q.-F. Chen, l.c.). Some of them may have been involved in the evolution of ''F. esculentum''; but the true wild progenitor is ''F. esculentum'' subsp. ''ancestrale'' from the north-west corner of Yunnan province. Fagopyrism may occur in animals with light skin after feeding larger amounts of buckwheat. Fagopyrin sensibilizes the skin to light. Also observed in humans after consumption of honey from buckwheat. Buckwheat is a rather variable crop. The most important morphological races are var. ''esculentum'', mainly cultivated in Europe and the New World and var. ''emarginatum'' (Roth) Alef. (Landw. Fl., 1866, 286) mainly cultivated in the eastern part of the cultivation area (China, Japan, India), for the infraspecific variation compare also Krotov (1975). Occasionally natural crosses have been occured between this and the following species. The hybrids are amphidiploid and have been described as ''Fagopyrum giganteum'' Krotov (in Kul't. Fl. SSSR 3, 1975, 16).
|auteur=Mansfeld.
}}


== Références ==
== Références ==
*Chauvet, Michel, 2018. ''[[Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires]]''. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 565)
*Campbell, Clayton G., 1997. ''Buckwheat.'' Fagopyrum esculentum ''Moench''. ''Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops'', 19. Gatersleben, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research / Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 93 p. télécharger sur [https://www.bioversityinternational.org/e-library/publications/detail/buckwheat-fagopyrum-esculentus-moench/ Bioversity]
*Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. ''Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages.'' Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. [[S (Recueil de Dambourney)#SARRASIN|Voir sur Pl@ntUse]]
*Ohnishi, O., 1998. Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of Tatary buckwheat. ''Econ. Bot.'', '''52''': 123-133. [http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1007/BF02861199 doi: 10.1007/BF02861199]
*Schilperoord, Peer, 2017. ''Plantes cultivées en Suisse – Le sarrasin''. 29 p. [https://doi.org/10.22014/97839524176-e8 doi : 10.22014/97839524176-e8].
**Version allemande : ''Kulturpflanzen in der Schweiz – Buchweizen''. [https://doi.org/10.22014/97839524176-e7 doi : 10.22014/97839524176-e7].


== Liens ==
== Liens ==
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Fagopyrum%20esculentum&SearchCat= BHL]  
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Fagopyrum%20esculentum&SearchCat= BHL]  
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://www.feedipedia.org/ Feedipedia]
*[https://www.feedipedia.org/content/feeds?species=25138 Feedipedia]
*[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200006709 Flora of China]
*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/buckwh81.html Grieve's herbal]
*[http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/b/buckwh81.html Grieve's herbal]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Fagopyrum%20esculentum GRIN]
*[https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxon/taxonomydetail?id=16528 GRIN]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Fagopyrum%20esculentum&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Fagopyrum%20esculentum&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Fagopyrum%20esculentum,,, Mansfeld]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/apex/f?p=185:46:30879799727276::NO::module,mf_use,source,akzanz,rehm,akzname,taxid:mf,,botnam,0,,Fagopyrum%20esculentum,9680 Mansfeld]
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
*[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/search/?string=Fagopyrum+esculentum Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Fagopyrum.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Fagopyrum.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Fagopyrum_esculentum_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[https://hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Fagopyrum_spp_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Fagopyrum+esculentum Plant List]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Fagopyrum+esculentum Plant List]
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Plants for a future]
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Plants for a future]
*[http://www.plantsoftheworldonline.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:694526-1 Plants of the World Online]
*[[:en:Fagopyrum esculentum (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]]
*[[:en:Fagopyrum esculentum (PROSEA)|PROSEA sur Pl@ntUse]]
*[http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea.php PROSEA]
*[[Fagopyrum esculentum (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]
*[[Fagopyrum esculentum (PROTA)|PROTA sur Pl@ntUse]]
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?fr=1&h=M4&t=Fagopyrum,esculentum&p=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Prota4U]
*[https://inpn.mnhn.fr/espece/cd_nom/97935/tab/taxo TAXREF]
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Tela Botanica]
*[https://www.tela-botanica.org/bdtfx-nn-26434 Tela Botanica]
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Useful Tropical Plants Database]
*[http://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Fagopyrum%20esculentum Useful Tropical Plants Database]
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagopyrum%20esculentum Wikipédia]
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fagopyrum%20esculentum Wikipédia]
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Fagopyrum%20esculentum Wikiphyto]
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Fagopyrum%20esculentum Wikiphyto]
*[http://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-0000685460 World Flora Online]


[[Category:Fagopyrum]]
[[Category:Fagopyrum]]

Dernière version du 28 avril 2021 à 17:09

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench

alt=Description de l'image Fagopyrum гречка.jpg.
Ordre Caryophyllales
Famille Polygonaceae
Genre Fagopyrum

2n = 16, 32

Origine : nord-ouest du Yunnan (Chine)

sauvage ou cultivé

Français sarrasin
Anglais buckwheat


Résumé des usages
  • fruits consommés comme pseudo-céréale
  • légume-feuille
  • fourrage
  • médicinal
  • colorant bleu extrait des pailles


Description

  • 1, rameau en fleurs ; 2, fleur ; 3, fruit non ailé ; 4, fruit ailé ; 5, vue de dessus du fruit ailé. Source: PROSEA
    1, rameau en fleurs ; 2, fleur ; 3, fruit non ailé ; 4, fruit ailé ; 5, vue de dessus du fruit ailé. Source: PROSEA
  • plantes
    plantes
  • plante
    plante
  • fleurs
    fleurs
  • graines
    graines

Noms populaires

français sarrasin, blé noir
anglais buckwheat
allemand Buchweizen
néerlandais boekweit
italien grano saraceno
espagnol trigo sarraceno, alforfón
portugais sarraceno, trigo mourisco
polonais gryka
russe гречиха - grečiha, гречка - grečka
chinois 荞麦 - qiao mai (Flora of China)
japonais soba
Thaïlande phakbung-som (nord) (PROSEA)
Vietnam mạch ba góc, mạch hoa (PROSEA)
Laos khauz sa:m hlièmx (PROSEA)

Classification

Fagopyrum esculentum Moench (1794)

basionyme :

  • Polygonum fagopyrum L. (1753)

synonymes :

  • Fagopyrum vulgare Hill (1756), nom. illeg.
  • Fagopyrum emarginatum (Roth) Moench (1802)

subsp. esculentum

formes cultivées

subsp. ancestrale

  • subsp. ancestrale Ohnishi (1998)

formes sauvages

Cultivars

Histoire

  • Fegopyron, Dodoens 1583, Stirpium historiae pemptades, 503
    Fegopyron, Dodoens 1583, Stirpium historiae pemptades, 503
  • Flora Batava, 1844, vol. 8
    Flora Batava, 1844, vol. 8
  • Thomé, 1885, Flora von Deutschland
    Thomé, 1885, Flora von Deutschland
  • Masclef, 1891, Atlas des plantes de France
    Masclef, 1891, Atlas des plantes de France
  • Millet, 1868-1874, récolte du sarrasin (Musée de Boston)
    Millet, 1868-1874, récolte du sarrasin (Musée de Boston)

Usages

The cultivated races. Cultivated in Tibet, Himalaya area, India, Russia, China, Korea, Japan, Central and W Europe, but also, more recently, in Canada, USA and Cuba. Common buckwheat is used as a vegetable, as animal feed, as a green manure and as a source for buckwheat honey. But most important for human consumption are the grains, used cooked like rice or as flour for the preparation of pancakes, biscuits, noodles. In eastern Europe it is used for porridge and soups, in SE Asia an unleavened bread is made from the flour. In Russia, where it is an important crop even today, it was not grown to a larger extent until the 15th cent. In central and western Europe it is now a declining crop. In Canada and the USA an increase of the growing area can be observed. Buckwheat is known to have been cultivated in China as early as the 2nd/1st cent. BC. Other sources date the cultivation back to earlier times. It is believed to have been introduced into Japan already about 3.000 years ago, via the Korean peninsula. It is known in Central Europe since the 13th cent. probably introduced via E Europe. The centre of origin is obviously in southern China, where several other Fagopyrum species occur (F. homotropicum Ohnish in Fagopyrum 15 (1998); F. statice Gross; F. urophyllum (Bur. & Franch.) Gross; F. leptopodum (Diels) Hedb.; F. lineare (Sam.) Haralds. Most recently new species closely related to cultivated buckwheat have been described from Sichuan (F. megaspartamium Q.-F. Chen in Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 130 (1999) 62) and Tibet (F. zuogangense Q.-F. Chen, l.c. and F. pilus Q.-F. Chen, l.c.). Some of them may have been involved in the evolution of F. esculentum; but the true wild progenitor is F. esculentum subsp. ancestrale from the north-west corner of Yunnan province. Fagopyrism may occur in animals with light skin after feeding larger amounts of buckwheat. Fagopyrin sensibilizes the skin to light. Also observed in humans after consumption of honey from buckwheat. Buckwheat is a rather variable crop. The most important morphological races are var. esculentum, mainly cultivated in Europe and the New World and var. emarginatum (Roth) Alef. (Landw. Fl., 1866, 286) mainly cultivated in the eastern part of the cultivation area (China, Japan, India), for the infraspecific variation compare also Krotov (1975). Occasionally natural crosses have been occured between this and the following species. The hybrids are amphidiploid and have been described as Fagopyrum giganteum Krotov (in Kul't. Fl. SSSR 3, 1975, 16).

Mansfeld.


Références

  • Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 565)
  • Campbell, Clayton G., 1997. Buckwheat. Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops, 19. Gatersleben, Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research / Rome, International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. 93 p. télécharger sur Bioversity
  • Dambourney, Louis-Alexandre, 1786. Recueil de procédés et d'expériences sur les teintures solides que nos végétaux indigènes communiquent aux laines & aux lainages. Paris, De l'imprimerie de Ph.-D. Pierres, premier imprimeur ordinaire du roi. 407 p. Voir sur Pl@ntUse
  • Ohnishi, O., 1998. Search for the wild ancestor of buckwheat III. The wild ancestor of cultivated common buckwheat, and of Tatary buckwheat. Econ. Bot., 52: 123-133. doi: 10.1007/BF02861199
  • Schilperoord, Peer, 2017. Plantes cultivées en Suisse – Le sarrasin. 29 p. doi : 10.22014/97839524176-e8.

Liens

Récupérée de "https://plantuse.plantnet.org/fr/index.php?title=Fagopyrum_esculentum&oldid=310837"