Cichorium endivia: Difference between revisions

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{{Species page (seed plant)
{{Species page (seed plant)
|image = None50x50.jpg
|image = Andijvie bloei.jpg
|legend =  
|legend = flowering scarole
|author =  
|author = L.
|order =  
|order = Asterales
|family =  
|family = Asteraceae
|genus =  
|genus = Cichorium
|nb chromosomes = 2n =  
|nb chromosomes = 2n = 18, 36
|origin = area of origin
|origin = Europe
|status = wild or cultivated
|status = cultivated
|english =  '''endive'''
|french =  '''chicorée scarole et chicorée frisée'''
}}{{Box
|color=lightgreen
|title=Usages summary
|text=*very popular salads : curled and broad-leaved endive
}}
}}
*English:
*Up to the XIXe century, the species was named '''endive''' in French, but this name now designates in France [[Cichorium intybus#Witloof Group|''Cichorium intybus'' Witloof Group]], whereas the Wallon Belgians continue to name '''endive''' this species and '''chicon''' the Witloof Group.
*French:


== Description ==
<gallery mode="packed">
Linedrawing Cichorium endivia.gif|1, plant habit; 2, leaf of endive; 3, leaf of escarole. Source: PROSEA
Cichorium endivia 4482.jpg|top view of plant habit
Cichorium endivia 6710.jpg|flowering plant
Cichorium endivia 5465.jpg|flowering top of plant
</gallery>
*annual herbaceous plant, much branched, up to 1,7 m high
*taproot
*leaves oboval, entire or lobed, glabrous or slightly puberulent
*heads solitary or by 4-6, sessile or pedonculate
*pedoncle thickened at apex
*involucre with lanceolate, reflected bracts
*flowers all ligulate, blue
*fruit: achene, obovoid to cylindrical, slightly ribbed


== Popular names ==
== Popular names ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"


== Biology ==
|}
*See French local names in [[:fr:Cichorium (Rolland, Flore populaire)#Cichorium endivia|Flore populaire of Eugène Rolland]]
*See [http://www.meertens.knaw.nl/pland/hitlist.php?beperking=bot&op=cn&plantnaam=cichorium+endivia&act=zoek Dutch local names] in Plantennamen in de Nederlandse Dialecten (PLAND)


== Classification ==
== Classification ==
''Cichorium endivia'' L. (1753)


== Cultivars ==
== Cultivars ==
No complete system of botanical classification has ever been published, and many cultivar groups have remained unknown to botanists. We follow here a pragmatic classification on a use base.
=== Chicorée blanche Group ===
synonym :
*var. ''endivia''
*var. ''angustifolium'' Lam. (1785)
*French: chicorée blanche
*German: Schnittendivie
This primitive form has quite disappeared.
=== Scarole Group ===
synonym : var. ''latifolium'' Lam. (1785)
*English: endive, broad-leaved endive
*French: scarole, chicorée scarole
*See the names in all the [[Cichorium endivia Latifolium Group (Common names)|European languages]]
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Cichorium endivia flower (1).jpg|flower
File:Indivia.jpg|close-up of a broad-leaved endive
File:Scarole blonde Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Scarole blonde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Scarole en cornet Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Scarole en cornet (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Scarole grosse de Limay Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Scarole grosse de Limay (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Scarole ronde Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Scarole ronde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
</gallery>
=== Curled Endive Group ===
synonyme : var. ''crispum'' Lam. (1785)
*English: curled endive
*French: chicorée frisée
*See the names in all the [[Cichorium endivia Crispum Group (Common names)|European languages]]
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Friseesalat1 fcm.jpg|curled endive
File:Chicorée frisée d'Anjou Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée d'Anjou (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée d'hiver Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée d'hiver (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée de Meaux Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée de Meaux (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée de Picpus Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée de Picpus (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée de Ruffec Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée de Ruffec (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée fine de Louviers Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée fine de Louviers (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée fine de Rouen Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée fine de Rouen (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée grosse pancalière Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée grosse pancalière (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée impériale Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée impériale
File:Chicorée frisée parisienne Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée parisienne (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée frisée toujours blanche Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée frisée toujours blanche (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
File:Chicorée mousse Vilmorin-Andrieux 1904.png|Chicorée mousse (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
</gallery>


== History ==
== History ==
''Cichorium endivia'' is not found in a wild stage. De Candolle (1882) thought that its wild progenitor was ''Cichorium pumilum'' Jacq. More recent authors consider it more likely as a hybrid between ''Cichorium intybus'' and ''Cichorium pumilum'', agreement being reached on the botanical affinity of both species of cultivated chicories.
*See [[Cichorium-Cinnamomum (Sturtevant, 1919)|Edible plants of Sturtevant (1919)]]
*See [[:fr:Chicorée Endive (Candolle, 1882)|Origine des plantes cultivées de Candolle (1882)]].


== Uses ==
== Uses ==
*See [[:fr:Chicorée endive (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)|Plantes potagères of Vilmorin (1904)]]
*See the nutritional composition (French CIQUAL Tables) of [http://www.ansespro.fr/TableCIQUAL/PMN0004R01.htm broad-leaved endive] and of [http://www.ansespro.fr/TableCIQUAL/PMN000YS01.htm curled endive].


== References ==
== References ==
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== Links ==
== Links ==
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Cichorium%20endivia&SearchCat= BHL]  
*[http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/search.aspx?SearchTerm=Cichorium%20endivia&SearchCat= BHL]  
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropFindForm FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://wp6-cichorieae.e-taxonomy.eu/portal/cdm_dataportal/taxon/4f6c68d0-63f2-4235-83c2-5bff14532f90 Cichorieae Portal]
*[http://www.feedipedia.org/ Feedipedia]
*[http://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/cropView?id=693 FAO Ecocrop]
*[http://www.botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/comindx.html Grieve's herbal]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cichorium%20endivia GRIN]
*[http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/tax_search.pl?Cichorium%20endivia GRIN]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Cichorium%20endivia&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/simplePlantNameSearch.do?find_wholeName=Cichorium%20endivia&amp;output_format=normal&amp;query_type=by_query&amp;back_page=query_ipni.html IPNI]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Cichorium%20endivia,,, Mansfeld]
*[http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:45:1329164412874601::NO::P7_BOTNAME,P7_DB_CHECKBOX1,P7_DB_CHECKBOX2,P7_DB_CHECKBOX4:Cichorium%20endivia,,, Mansfeld]
*[http://herb.umd.umich.edu/herb/search.pl?searchstring=Cichorium%20endivia Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cichorium.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Cichorium.html Multilingual Plant Name Database]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cichorium_endivia_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/nexus/Cichorium_intybus_nex.html NewCrop Purdue]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Cichorium+endivia Plant List]
*[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/search?q=Cichorium%20endivia Plant List]
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cichorium%20endivia Plants for a future]
*[http://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Cichorium%20endivia Plants for a future]
*[http://proseanet.org/prosea/e-prosea.php PROSEA]
*[[Cichorium endivia (PROSEA)|PROSEA on Pl@ntUse]]
*[[Cichorium endivia (PROTA)|PROTA on Pl@ntUse]]
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?fr=1&h=M4&t=Cichorium,endivia&p=Cichorium%20endivia Prota4U]
*[http://www.prota4u.org/protav8.asp?fr=1&h=M4&t=Cichorium,endivia&p=Cichorium%20endivia Prota4U]
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cichorium%20endivia Tela Botanica]
*[http://www.tela-botanica.org/page:eflore_bdtfx?referentiel=bdtfx&niveau=2&module=fiche&action=fiche&type_nom=nom_scientifique&nom=Cichorium%20endivia Tela Botanica]
*[https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium%20endivia Wikipédia]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium%20endivia Wikipedia]
*[http://www.wikiphyto.org/wiki/Cichorium%20endivia Wikiphyto]
 
[[Category:Temperate vegetable, major]]
 
[[Category:Cichorium]]

Latest revision as of 17:12, 9 May 2018

Cichorium endivia L.

alt=Description of Andijvie bloei.jpg picture.
flowering scarole
Order Asterales
Family Asteraceae
Genus Cichorium

2n = 18, 36

Origin : Europe

cultivated

English endive
French chicorée scarole et chicorée frisée


Usages summary
  • very popular salads : curled and broad-leaved endive


  • Up to the XIXe century, the species was named endive in French, but this name now designates in France Cichorium intybus Witloof Group, whereas the Wallon Belgians continue to name endive this species and chicon the Witloof Group.

Description

  • 1, plant habit; 2, leaf of endive; 3, leaf of escarole. Source: PROSEA
    1, plant habit; 2, leaf of endive; 3, leaf of escarole. Source: PROSEA
  • top view of plant habit
    top view of plant habit
  • flowering plant
    flowering plant
  • flowering top of plant
    flowering top of plant
  • annual herbaceous plant, much branched, up to 1,7 m high
  • taproot
  • leaves oboval, entire or lobed, glabrous or slightly puberulent
  • heads solitary or by 4-6, sessile or pedonculate
  • pedoncle thickened at apex
  • involucre with lanceolate, reflected bracts
  • flowers all ligulate, blue
  • fruit: achene, obovoid to cylindrical, slightly ribbed

Popular names

Classification

Cichorium endivia L. (1753)

Cultivars

No complete system of botanical classification has ever been published, and many cultivar groups have remained unknown to botanists. We follow here a pragmatic classification on a use base.

Chicorée blanche Group

synonym :

  • var. endivia
  • var. angustifolium Lam. (1785)
  • French: chicorée blanche
  • German: Schnittendivie

This primitive form has quite disappeared.

Scarole Group

synonym : var. latifolium Lam. (1785)

  • English: endive, broad-leaved endive
  • French: scarole, chicorée scarole
  • See the names in all the European languages
  • flower
    flower
  • close-up of a broad-leaved endive
    close-up of a broad-leaved endive
  • Scarole blonde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
    Scarole blonde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
  • Scarole en cornet (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
    Scarole en cornet (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
  • Scarole grosse de Limay (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
    Scarole grosse de Limay (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
  • Scarole ronde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
    Scarole ronde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)

Curled Endive Group

synonyme : var. crispum Lam. (1785)

  • English: curled endive
  • French: chicorée frisée
  • See the names in all the European languages

History

Cichorium endivia is not found in a wild stage. De Candolle (1882) thought that its wild progenitor was Cichorium pumilum Jacq. More recent authors consider it more likely as a hybrid between Cichorium intybus and Cichorium pumilum, agreement being reached on the botanical affinity of both species of cultivated chicories.

Uses

References

Links

Retrieved from "https://plantuse.plantnet.org/en/index.php?title=Cichorium_endivia&oldid=328162"