Cichorium endivia

Cichorium endivia L.

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flowering scarole

Order	Asterales
Family	Asteraceae
Genus	Cichorium

2n = 18, 36

Origin : Europe

cultivated

English	{{{english}}}
French	{{{french}}}

• English: endive
• French: chicorée scarole et chicorée frisée
• Up to the XIXe century, the species was named endive in French, but this name now designates Cichorium intybus Witloof Group.

• annual herbaceous plant, much branched, up to 1,7 m high
• taproot
• leaves oboval, entire or lobed, glabrous or slightly puberulent
• heads solitary or by 4-6, sessile or pedonculate
• pedoncle thickened at apex
• involucre with lanceolate, reflected bracts
• flowers all ligulate, blue
• fruit: achene, obovoid to cylindrical, slightly ribbed

• very popular salads : curled and broad-leaved endive

Popular names

• See French local names in Flore populaire of Eugène Rolland
• See Dutch local names in Plantennamen in de Nederlandse Dialecten (PLAND)

Classification

Cichorium endivia L. (1753)

Cultivars

No complete system of botanical classification has ever been published, and many cultivar groups have remained unknown to botanists. We follow here a pragmatic classification on a use base.

Chicorée blanche Group

synonym :

• var. endivia
• var. angustifolium Lam. (1785)

• French: chicorée blanche
• German: Schnittendivie

This primitive form has quite disappeared.

Scarole Group

synonym : var. latifolium Lam. (1785)

• English: endive, broad-leaved endive
• French: scarole, chicorée scarole
• See the names in all the European languages

• 
  flower
• 
  close-up of a broad-leaved endive
• 
  Scarole blonde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Scarole en cornet (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Scarole grosse de Limay (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Scarole ronde (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)

Curled Endive Group

synonyme : var. crispum Lam. (1785)

• English: curled endive
• French: chicorée frisée
• See the names in all the European languages

• 
  curled endive
• 
  Chicorée frisée d'Anjou (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Chicorée frisée d'hiver (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Chicorée frisée de Meaux (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Chicorée frisée de Picpus (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Chicorée frisée de Ruffec (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée frisée fine de Louviers (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée frisée fine de Rouen (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée frisée grosse pancalière (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• 
  Chicorée frisée impériale
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée frisée parisienne (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée frisée toujours blanche (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)
• Error creating thumbnail:
  Chicorée mousse (Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904)

History

Cichorium endivia is not found in a wild stage. De Candolle (1882) thought that its wild progenitor was Cichorium pumilum Jacq. More recent authors consider it more likely as a hybrid between Cichorium intybus and Cichorium pumilum, agreement being reached on the botanical affinity of both species of cultivated chicories.

• See Edible plants of Sturtevant (1919)
• See Origine des plantes cultivées de Candolle (1882).

Uses

• See Plantes potagères of Vilmorin (1904)
• See the nutritional composition (French CIQUAL Tables) of broad-leaved endive and of curled endive.

Links

• BHL
• Cichorieae Portal
• FAO Ecocrop
• GRIN
• IPNI
• Mansfeld
• Multilingual Plant Name Database
• NewCrop Purdue
• Plant List
• Plants for a future
• PROTA on Pl@ntUse
• Prota4U
• Tela Botanica
• Wikipedia