Avena sativa

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Avena sativa L.

alt=Description de l'image Avena sativa 15-p.bot-avena.sativa-24.jpg.
avoine au champ
Ordre Poales
Famille Poaceae
Genre Avena

2n = 6x = 42, génome AACCDD

Origine : aire d'origine

Irak, Iran

Français avoine
Anglais oats


Résumé des usages
  • céréale
  • fourrage


Description

  • plante annuelle de 50 cm à 1 m. 50, dressée, à racine fibreuse
  • feuilles planes, glabres ou pubescentes
  • ligule courte, tronquée
  • panicule étalée en tous sens, pyramidale très lâche, dressée, verte
  • épillets pendants, longs d'environ 20 mm très ouverts, à 2 fleurs fertiles non articulées avec le rachis, la supérieure pédicellée et mutique, l'inférieure subsessile et le plus souvent aristée
  • axe glabre
  • glumes presque égales, dépassant les fleurs, à 7-9 nervures
  • glumelles presque égales, l'inférieure coriace, glabre, faiblement nervée à la base, bidentée au sommet mutique ou à arête dorsale tordue et genouillée environ une fois plus longue que les glumes. (Coste)

Noms populaires

français avoine
anglais oat
allemand Hafer
néerlandais haver
italien avena
espagnol avena
portugais aveia
polonais owies
russe овес - oves
ukrainien овес - oves

Classification

Avena sativa L. (1753)

Cultivars

Histoire

Usages

Avena orientalis Schreb. SIBERIAN OAT. TARTAREAN OAT. Southern Europe and the Orient. Although the name leads to the supposition that this oat had its origin in the dry table-lands of Asia, yet we are not aware, says Lindley [1], that any evidence exists to show that it is so. We only know it as a cultivated plant. Phillips [2] says the Siberian oat reached England in 1777, and Unger [3] says it was brought from the East to Europe at the end of the preceding century.

  1. ↑ Morton Cyc. Agr. 1: 171. 1869.
  2. ↑ Phillips, H. Comp. Kitch. Gard. 2: 13. 1831.
  3. ↑ Unger, F. U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 302. 1859.

Avena sativa Linn. HAVER. OAT. The native land of the common oat is given as Abyssinia by Pickering [1]. Unger [2] says the native land is unknown, although the region along the Danube may pass as such. The oat is probably a domesticated variety of some wild species and may be A. strigosa Schreb., found wild in grain fields throughout Europe. Professor Buckman believed A. fatua Linn., to be the original species, as in eight years of cultivation he changed this plant into good cultivated varieties. Unger [3] says the Celts and the Germans, as far as can be ascertained, cultivated this oat 2000 years ago, and it seems to have been distributed from Europe into the temperate and cold regions of the whole world. It was known to the Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks and Romans. De Candolle [4], however, writes that the oat was not cultivated by the Hebrews, the Egyptians, the ancient Greeks or the Romans and is now cultivated in Greece only as an object of curiosity [5]. The oat is not cultivated for human food in India [6].

This grain is not mentioned in Scripture and hence would seem to be unknown to Egypt or Syria [7]. The plant is noticed by Virgil [8] in his Georgics with the implication that its culture was known. Pliny [9] mentions the plant. It is, hence, quite probable that the Romans knew the oat principally as a forage crop. Pliny [10] says that the Germans used oatmeal porridge as food. Dioscorides [11] and Galen [12] make similar statements, but the latter adds that although it is fitter food for beasts than men yet in times of famine it is used by the latter. From an investigation of the lacustrine remains of Switzerland, Heer [13] finds that during the Bronze age oats were known, the oat-grain being somewhat smaller than that produced by our existing varieties. Turner [14] observes, in 1568, that the naked oat grew in Sussex, England. The bearded oat was brought from Barbary and was cultivated in Britain about 1640; the brittle oat came from the south of Europe in 1796; the Spanish oat was introduced in 1770; the Siberian, in 1777; the Pennsylvanian, in 1785; the fan-leaved, from Switzerland in 1791 [15]. In Scotland, the oat has long been a bread grain and, about 1850, Peter Lawson [16] gives 40 varieties as cultivated. This cereal was sown by Gosnold [17] on the Elizabeth Islands, Massachusetts, in 1602; is recorded as cultivated in Newfoundland [18] in 1622; was growing at Lynn, Mass. [19], in 1629-33. It was introduced into New Netherland [20] prior to 1626 and was cultivated in Virginia [21] previous to 1648. The Egyptian, or winter oat, was known in the South in 1800. In 1880, 36 named kinds were grown in the state of Kansas [22]. The oat grows in Norway and Sweden as far north as 64° to 65° but is scarcely known in the south of France, Spain or Italy, and in tropical countries its culture is not attempted.

  1. ↑ Pickering, C. Chron. Hist. Pls. 341. 1879.
  2. ↑ Unger, F. U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 302. 1859.
  3. ↑ Ibid.
  4. ↑ De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2: 939. 1855.
  5. ↑ De Candolle, A. Geog. Bot. 2: 939. 1855.
  6. ↑ Ibid.
  7. ↑ Ibid.
  8. ↑ Ibid.
  9. ↑ Phillips, H. Comp. Kitch. Gard. 2: 9. 1831.
  10. ↑ Stille, A. Therap. Mat. Med. 1: 125. 1874.
  11. ↑ Ibid.
  12. ↑ Ibid.
  13. ↑ Gard. Chron. 1068. 1866.
  14. ↑ Phillips, H. Comp. Kitch. Gard. 2: 19. 1831.
  15. ↑ Ibid.
  16. ↑ Lawson, P. Prize Essays Highland Soc. 4: 312. 1851.
  17. ↑ U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 159. 1853.
  18. ↑ Ibid.
  19. ↑ Wood, W. New Eng. Prosp. 81. 1634.
  20. ↑ U.S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 159. 1853.
  21. ↑ Ibid.
  22. ↑ Kansas Bd. Agr. Rpt. 19. 1880.


Mainly cultivated in the temperate regions of Europe, western Asia, and North America. The main producing countries of oat are, in descending order, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Canada, Germany, Poland. The oat grains are predominantly used as animal feed, especially for horses, but also for cattles, turkeys, sheeps etc. Several food products and dishes are made from the grains for human consumption: oat flour, oatmeal, oat flakes, porridge oats, oat bran, oatmeal bread, oatcakes, porridge, baby food, groats, gruel. Also cultivated as green fodder plant. In Australia planted for sand binding in dunes. The great variability of A. sativa is reflected in its infraspecific classifications, based mainly on lemma and inflorescence characters (e.g. Rodionova et al. 1994 distinguish about fifty varieties, including A. byzantina). It is supposed, that the cultivated hexaploid oats evolved from one of the wild hexaploid species Avena sterilis L. or A. fatua L. [Sp. Pl. (1753) 80] -- Fig. 160 --; also A. hybrida Peterm. [Fl. Bienitz (1841) 13] is considered to be a putative ancestor of the cultivated hexaploid oats. The tetraploid progenitor of the hexaploid oats seems to be Avena insularis Ladizinsky. Other species, also having been taken into account to be possible tetraploid ancestors of the hexaploid oats, are Avena magna Murphy & Terrell and A. murphyi Ladinsky. None of the known diploid species seem to be immediate donors of the different genomes of hexaploid oats. The domestication of oat began relatively late, compared with barley and wheat. It is assumed, that the oat initially occurred as a weed in cultures of other cereals. Later on, especially in the more temperate regions of middle and northern Europe or of Asia, it developed into a crop (secondary crop), cultivated in mixture with other cereals or as a solitary crop. Wild distribution: Only known as a cultivated plant.

Mansfeld.


Références

  • Baum, B. R. - Material for an international oat register. Department of Agriculture Ottawa 1972: 266 p.
  • Baum, B. R. (1977) - Oats: wild and cultivated. A monograph of the genus Avena L. (Poaceae). - Monograph. 14 Biosyst. Res. Inst., Canada Dep. Agric., Res. Branch Ottawa,Canada: 463 p.
  • Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 286)
  • Hegi, G. - Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa., Ed. 3 I (3) 1998.
  • Ladizinsky, G. (1995) - Characterization of the missing diploid progenitors of the common oat. - Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 42: 49-55.
  • Ladizinsky, G. (1998) - A new species from Sicily, possibly the tetraploid progenitor of hexaploid oats. - Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 45: 263-269.
  • Leggett, J. M. (1992): Classification and speciation in Avena (pp 29-52) - In: H. G. Marshall & M. E. Sorrells (eds.) - Oat science and technology. - Agronomy 33 Amer. Soc. Agronomy Madison: 846 p.
  • Nishiyama, I. (1987) - Progressive differentiation of spikelet types in relation to ploidy in the genus Avena. - Pl. Breed. 99 New York: 98-106.
  • Reiner, L., F. A. Becker, G. Frimmel, K.-H. Martin - Hafer aktuell. DLG-Verl. Frankfurt/M. 1983: 165 p.
  • Rodionova, N. A., V. N. Soldatov, V. E. Merežko, N. P. Jaroš & V. D. Kobyljanskij (1994): Oves. - In: V. D. Kobyljanskij & V. N. Soldatov (eds.) - Kul'turnaja flora, Tom 2, Čast' 3 Kolos Moskva: 368 p.
  • Smartt, J. & N. W. Simmonds (eds.) - Evolution of crop plants. Sec. ed. Longman Sci. & Techn. Harlow 1995: 531 p.
  • Tsuriell, D. E. (1971) - Collection and conservation of desert and sand binding plants. - Pl. Genet. Resources Newslett. 25: 22-25.
  • Welch, R. W. (ed.) - The oat crop. Production and utilization. Chapman & Hall London 1995: 584 p.
  • Zade, A. - Der Hafer. Eine Monographie auf wissenschaftlicher und praktischer Grundlage. Fischer Jena 1918: 355 p.

Liens

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