Cupressus sempervirens (CYPMED)

← Cupressus sargentii

Les espèces de cyprès (CYPMED)

Cupressus sempervirens var. numidica →

1) Fleurs mâles; 2) Fleurs femelles; 3-4) Cônes; 5) Ecorce; 6-7) Arbres

répartition : Iran, Syrie, Chypre, Turquie, Samos, Rhodes, Crète, Cyrénaïque

Cupressus sempervirens L. (1753)

Notes taxonomiques, synonymies

• C. sempervirens var. sempervirens (C. s. var. stricta Ait., C. s. var. pyramidalis Nyman, C. s. var. fastigiata Hansen) et C. sempervirens var. horizontalis (Miller) Aiton.

Nom commun

Italian Cypress, Cyprès toujours vert, Cyprès fastigié, Cipresso comune.

Port dans la zone d’origine

Port en colonne parfois polycormique, pyramidal plus ou moins fastigié dans la forme étroite, élargi, ouvert dans la forme horizontalis. Dans la zone d’origine presque tous les exemplaires sont de type horizontal. Peut atteindre 35 m de hauteur. Dimensions des microsporanges : 3-5 x 2 mm.

Notes

Tolérant à la sècheresse et au froid jusqu’à –20°C. Indifférent au type de substrat (de calcaire à siliceux). A la capacité de tolérer les aérosols marins pollués. Utilisé comme brise-vent dans la forme à feuillage large. Susceptible au Seiridium cardinale. Utilisé comme plante forestière dans la forme horizontale et comme plante ornementale dans la forme fastigiée.

Principaux composants de l’huile essentielle

Δ-3 carène (16.49%), sabinène (13.91%), α-pinène (13.07), terpin-1-èn-4-ol (7.69%), terpinolène (7.13%), limonène (6.28%), γ-terpinène (4.97%), myrcène (4.86%), cédrol (3.62%), acétate di α-terpenyle (2.98%).

Bibliographie sur les huiles essentielles

• 5 Activité antimicrobienne des huiles essentielles de Cyprès et d’Eucalyptus algériens. Chanegriha-N ; Foudil-Cherif-Y ; Baaliouamer-A ; Meklati-BY. Rivista Italiana EPPOS. 1998, No. 25, 11-16.
  • The essential oils of Algerian Cupressus sempervirens, C. arizonica, C. glabra [C. arizonica], Eucalyptus globulus and E. punctata were screened for antimicrobial properties. All essential oils exhibited activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans.
• 8 GC and GC/MS leaf oil analysis of four Algerian cypress species. Chanegriha-N ; Baaliouamer-A ; Meklati-BY. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1997, 9: 5, 555-559.
  • The essential oils, hydrodistilled from leaves of Cupressus glabra [C. arizonica], C. arizonica, C. sempervirens and C. dupreziana (collected from Algeria), were examined by GC and GC-MS. In total 76 constituents were identified, from which 49, 46, 48 and 54 compounds were found in the oils of C. glabra, C. arizonica, C. sempervirens and C. dupreziana, respectively. The main components of the oils were: terpinen-4-ol (10.5%) and umbellulone (27.4%) in C. glabra; alpha-pinene (10.5%) and umbellulone (37.3%) in C. arizonica; alphapinene (2.8-44.9%), delta-3-carene (3.1-10.6%) and alpha-terpinyl acetate (5.5-12%) in C. sempervirens; and alpha-pinene (36.4%) and delta-3-carene (33.8%) in C. dupreziana.
• 9 HPLC quantification of flavonoids and biflavonoids in Cupressaceae leaves. Romani-A ; Galardi-C ; Pinelli-P ; Mulinacci-N ; Heimler-D. Chromatographia. 2002, 56: 7-8, 469-474.
  • The aim of this investigation was to obtain qualitative and quantitative profiles of the flavonoid and biflavonoid composition of six cypress species — Cupressus funebris, C. sempervirens, C. glabra [C. arizonica var. glabra], C. arizonica, C. goveniana, and C. lusitanica. HPLC-diode-array detection (DAD), HPLC-MS, and HPTLC were used to identify the individual compounds. A chromatographic method was optimized for identification and quantification of the main flavonoid glycosides and biflavonoids. The flavonoids identified and calibrated were: rutin [rutoside], quercetin glucoside, quercetin rhamnoside, and kaempferol 3-O-rhamnoside. The biflavonoids identified and calibrated were: cupressuflavone, amentoflavone, robustaflavone, hinokiflavone, methylrobustaflavone, methylamentoflavone, and dimethylcupressuflavone.
• 21 Volatile constituents of Cupressus dupreziana and the sesquiterpenes of Cupressus sempervirens. Piovetti-L ; Francisco-C ; Pauly-G ; Benchabane-O ; Bernard-Dagan-C ; Diara-A. Phytochemistry. 1981, 20: 6, 1299-1302.
  • Data are presented from analyses of wood essential oil of C. dupreziana and a petrol extract of wood of C. sempervirens. Sesquiterpene contents were similar. The biogenesis of identified sesquiterpenes is discussed.
• 22 Volatile constituents [terpenes and hydrocarbons] of the leaves of Cupressus dupreziana and Cupressus sempervirens. Pauly-G ; Yani-A ; Piovetti-L ; Bernard-Dagan-C. Phytochemistry. 1983, 22: 4, 957-959.
• 23 Waxes [from foliage] of Cupressus dupreziana and Cupressus sempervirens. Piovetti-L ; Yani-A ; Combaut-G ; Diara-A. Phytochemistry. 1981, 20: 5, 1135-1136.
• 41 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius, Cypress sempervirens, Citrus limon, Ferula assafoetida. Part I. Siddiqui-RR ; Uzma-Zafar ; Chaudhry-SS ; Hamid-Ahmad. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1995, 38: 9-10, 358-361.
  • The antibacterial activity of essential oils was studied against Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus albus by the zone inhibition method. Determination of the approximate inhibition concentrations (AIC) of the essential oils demonstrated the antibacterial activity of each essential oil against the bacteria tested. Schinus terebinthus [S. terebinthifolius] oil was the most effective. The order of effectiveness was: Schinus terebinthus > Citrus limon > C. limon cv. Eureka > Cupressus sempervirens > Ferula assofoetida [F. assa-foetida].
• 42 Antimicrobial activity of essential oils. Part II. Siddiqui-RR; Ahmad-H; Shakoor-Ch-S; Ehteshamuddin-AFM; Shireen-S. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1996, 39: 1-4, 43-47.
  • Antifungal activity of the essential oils from Ferula assa-foetida, Citrus limon, Schinus terebinthifolius and Cypress sempervirens [Cupressus sempervirens] was studied against strains of Aspergillus niger, A. parasiticus, A. flavus, A. oryzae, A. fumigatus, Penicillium digitatum, Trichoderma sp. and Helminthosporium oryzae by a zone inhibition method. These oils were also tested for their fungicidal/fungistatic activity by the modified Gerber & Houston technique. All the oils were active to various extents against at least half the test fungi. The essential oil of the seed and gum portions of F. assa-foetida exhibited antifungal activity against all 8 test fungi.
• 43 Antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of some aromatic plants against ice nucleation active bacteria. Adossides-A. Centre International de Hautes Etudes Agronomiques Méditerranéennes, Chania (Greece). Institut Agronomique Méditerranéen. Chania (Greece). 1997. 104 p.
  • Essential oils from eight different Mediterranean aromatic plants, Origanum vulgare, Coridothymus capitatus, Origanum dictamus, Salvia fruticosa, Salvia pomifera, Lavandula stoechs, Rosmarinus officinalis, and Cupressus sempervirens, were extracted by steam distillation. The present study was then carried out to evaluate the ability of the above mentioned essential oils to inhibit the in vitro growth of two phytopathogenic strains of bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae and Erwinia herrbicola, both biogenic sources of ice nuclei. This ability was tested on a quali-qualitative basis by determining their minimum anhibitorey concentration MIC and minimum bactericidal concentration MBC. The results showed that oils tested varied in their microbial activity. A comparison was made between biostatic and biocidal activity of each oil.
• 44 Antiviral activity in vitro of Cupressus sempervirens on two human retroviruses HIV and HTLV. Amouroux-P ; Jean-D ; Lamaison-JL. Phytotherapy Research. 1998, 12: 5, 367-368.
  • A proanthocyanidin polymer (PPC) fraction (MW 1500-2000 da) from cones of C. sempervirens (collected from France) exhibited activity in vitro against 2 retroviruses, HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] and HTLV [human T-cell lymphotropic virus] III B (IC50 values of 1.5-15 and 5-25 μg/ml, respectively). PPC exhibited no toxicity against T lymphocytes or H9 cells at concentrations of 50 μg/ml.
• 45 Chemical composition of the Cupressus sempervirens L. fruits at different stages of maturity. Riaz-M ; Khalid-MR ; Shadab-Qamar ; Chaudhary-FM. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1996, 39: 9-12, 178-180.
  • Essential oil of C. sempervirens, obtained by hydro-distillation of raw and ripe fruits, was analysed by GC & GC-MS. The principal essential oil constituents from raw and ripe fruits were alpha-pinene (44.59 and 54.62%, respectively), sabinene (7.88 and 2.88%, respectively), 3-carene (15.45 and 21.83%, respectively), alpha-terpinene (5.25 and 3.90%, respectively), 4-terpineol (6.58 and 0.04%, respectively) and cedrol (1.02 and 1.35%, respectively).
• 46 Composition of the essential oil of Cupressus sempervirens L. cones from Greece. Loukis-A ; Tsitsa-Tzardi-E ; Kouladi-M ; Ma-YM. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1991, 3: 5, 363-364.
  • Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry showed that alpha-pinene (39.54%) and gamma-terpinene (11.56%) were the main constituents of the essential oil of cones of Cupressus sempervirens.
• 47 Composition of the essential oil of Egyptian Cupressus sempervirens L. cones. Kassem-F.F.; Harraz-F.M.; El-Sebakhy-N.A.; Pooter-H.L.-de; Schamp-N.M.; Abou-Shleib-H. Flavour and Fragrance Journal (United Kingdom). 1991. 6(3) p. 205-207.
• 48 Efecto antigiardiasico in vitro de 14 extractos de plantas. Ponce-Macotela-M ; Navarro-Alegria-I ; Martinez-Gordillo-MN ; Alvarez-Chacon-R. Revista de Investigación Clínica. 1994, 46: 5, 343-347.
  • The viability of Giardia duodenalis trophozoites following incubation with one of 14 plant extracts was investigated using MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-il]-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide), reduced to MTTformazan by the activity of live trophozoites. Both negative (trophozoites without extracts) and positive (trophozoites incubated with tinidazole) controls were included. The percentages of mortality were calculated by spectrophotometry of the reduced MTT at 570 nM: Justicia spicigera 91%; Lippia berlandieri 90%; Psidium guajava 87%; positive control incubated with tinidazole 79%; Punica granatum 78%; Mangifera indica 77%; Plantago major 76%; Cupressus sempervirens 73%; Castela tormentosa 70%; Hematoxilon campechanum [Haematoxylum campechianum] 67%; Persea americana 23%; Capsicum annuum 21%; Oryza sativa 5%; Prosopis juliflora 0%; Rhizophora mangle 0%.
• 49 Foliage resin composition of Cupressus sempervirens L. as affected by environmental factors. Schiller-G. SO: Silvae Genetica (Germany). 1993. 42(6) p. 297-303.
• 50 Plant essential oils as arrestants and repellents for neonate larvae of the codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Landolt-PJ ; Hofstetter-RW ; Biddick-LL. Environmental Entomology. 1999, 28: 6, 954-960.
  • Nonhost chemicals may be useful for controlling insect pests of crop plants by interfering with orientation to, and selection of, host plants. Essential oils of 27 plant species were tested in 2 different laboratory assays for evidence of arrest and repellency of neonate larvae of the codling moth, Cydia pomonella L. In an olfactometer in which larval upwind movement toward apples was assessed, greatest arrest was achieved with oils of lavender, Lavandula officinalis L. [Lavandula angustifolia]; pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium L.; and cypress, Cupressus sempervirens L.. Oil of lavender was most effective in preventing larvae from moving upwind in the olfactometer. In a barrier assay, essential plant oils were applied to the distal ends of a glass rod (15 cm long) on which larvae were placed. Larvae crossed the barrier to reach apples impaled on each end of the glass rod. The most effective repellents in this barrier assay were rue, Ruta graveolens L.; garlic, Allium sativum L.; patchouly, Pogostemom cablin (Blanco); and tansy, Tanacetum vulgare L., oils. These 4 plant essential oils were most effective in causing larvae to turn away at the oil barrier. These materials, or their active ingredients, may be useful in protecting fruit from attack by codling moth larvae by preventing larvae from orienting to and arriving at fruit.
• 51 Seasonal variations of terpene emission from trees and influence of temperature, light and contact stimulation on terpene emission. Yatagai-M. ; Ohira-M. ; Ohira-T. ; Nagai-S. Chemosphere (United Kingdom). 1995. 30(6) p. 1137-1149.
• 52 The effect of a long-term water stress on the metabolism and emission of terpenes of the foliage of Cupressus sempervirens. Yani-A. ; Pauly-G. ; Faye-M. ; Salin-F. ; Gleizes-M. Plant, Cell and Environment (United Kingdom). 1993. 16(8) p. 975-981.
• 53 Variation in resin composition of the Italian cypress (Cupressus sempervirens L.) grown in Israel. Schiller-G. Silvae-Genetica. 1990, 39: 3-4, 89-95.
  • Analysis of branchlet resin composition was used to determine the intra- and interpopulation variability of trees planted during the 19th and early 20th centuries in Israel. Resin composition of C. sempervirens var. horizontalis differed significantly from that of cv. (or var.) stricta, while intermediate forms had a resin composition tending towards that of cv. stricta. The occurrence of chemotypes other than those present in the old trees of cv. stricta growing in Israel and the occurrence of different chemotypes in var. horizontalis were taken to suggest that imported seed material from Jordan, Syria, Greece and other (unidentified) sources had been used to establish the plantations.
• 54 Volatile constituents of the leaves of Pakistani Cupressus sempervirens and Thuja orientalis. Riaz-M ; Khalid-MR ; Chaudhary-FM. Pakistan Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1999, 42: 2, 98-101.
  • Essential oils, hydrodistilled from leaves of C. sempervirens and T. orientalis [Platycladus orientalis] (collected from Pakistan in 1993), were analysed by capillary GC and MS. The main components of the essential oil of C. sempervirens were alpha-pinene (38.9%), DELTA3-carene (31.2%), cedrol (6.4%), 4-terpinylacetate (4%) and beta-myrcene (4%). The essential oil of T. orientalis contained alpha-pinene (40.6%), beta-caryophyllene (6.8%), cedrol (10.7%), beta-myrcene (3.7%), R-(+)-limonene (3.2%) and alloaromadendrene (7.8%) as main constituents.