Angelica archangelica

Angelica archangelica L.

plante

Ordre	Apiales
Famille	Apiaceae
Genre	Angelica

2n = 22

Origine : Europe du Nord et centrale

sauvage et cultivé

Français	angélique
Anglais	angelica

Résumé des usages

• légume : pétiole, jeunes feuilles, jeunes inflorescences
• pétiole comme fruit confit
• liqueur et infusion des pétioles
• fruits aromatiques
• source d'huile essentielle
• médicinal
• ornemental

Description

• 
  inflorescences
• 
  fruits

Noms populaires

français	angélique ; herbe du Saint-Esprit
anglais	angelica
allemand	Engelwurz ; Heiliggeistwurz
néerlandais	engelwortel
italien	angelica
espagnol	angélica ; hierba del Espíritu Santo
portugais	angélica ; erva do Espírito Santo
suédois	kvanne
russe	дягиль - diagil
polonais	dzięgiel, litwor

• Voir les noms de la Flore populaire d'Eugène Rolland

Classification

Angelica archangelica L. (1753)

synonyme :

• Archangelica officinalis (Moench.) Hoffm. (1814)

Histoire

• 
  Rozier, 1781, Cours complet d'Agriculture, I, pl. 15
• 
  Sturm, 1796. Deutschlands Flora
• 
  Thomé, 1885, Flora von Deutschland
• 
  Köhler, 1897. Medizinal-Pflanzen
• 
  Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904, Les plantes potagères

• Voir les Coloquios dos simples de Garcia da Orta (1563)

Usages

• Voir les Plantes médicinales de Cazin (1868)
• Vilmorin-Andrieux, 1904. Les plantes potagères.

• 
  flutes Sami

Archangelica officinalis (archangelica) Hoffm. ANGELICA. ARCHANGEL. WILD PARSNIP. Europe, Siberia and Himalayan regions. This plant is a native of the north of Europe and is found in the high, mountainous regions in south Europe, as in Switzerland and among the Pyrenees. It is also found in Alaska. Angelica is cultivated in various parts of Europe and is occasionally grown in American gardens. The whole plant has a fragrant odor and aromatic properties. Angelica is held in great estimation in Lapland, where the natives strip the stem of leaves, and the soft, internal part, after the outer skin has been pulled off, is eaten raw like an apple or turnip . In Kamchatka, the roots are distilled and a kind of spirit is made from them, and on the islands of Alaska, where it is abundant and called wild parsnip, it is stated by Dall to be edible. Angelica has been in cultivation in England since 1568. The leaf-stalks were formerly blanched and eaten like celery. The plant is in request for the use of confectioners, who make an excellent sweetmeat with the tender stems, stalks, and ribs of the leaves candied with sugar. The seeds enter into the composition of many liquors. In the north of Europe, the leaves and stalks are still used as a vegetable.

The medicinal properties of the root were highly prized in the Middle Ages. In Pomet , we read that the seed is much used to make angelica comfits as well as the root for medicine. Bryant deems it the best aromatic that Europe produces. This plant must be a native of northern Europe, for there are no references to it in the ancient authors of Greece and Rome, nor is it mentioned by Albertus Magnus in the thirteenth century. By Fuchsius, 1542, and succeeding authors it receives proper attention. The German name, Heilige Geist Wurz, implies the estimation in which it was held and offers a clue to the origin of the word Angelica, or angel plant, which occurs in so many languages, as in English, Spanish, Portugese, and Italian, becoming Angélique and Archangélique in French, and Angelickwurz in German. Other names of like import are the modern Engelwurz in Germany, Engelkruid in Flanders and Engelwortel in Holland.

The various figures given by herbalists show the same type of plant, the principal differences to be noted being in the size of the root. Pena and Lobel , 1570, note a smaller variety as cultivated in England, Belgium, and France, and Gesner is quoted by Camerarius as having seen roots of three pounds weight. Bauhin , 1623, says the roots vary, the Swissgrown being thick, those of Bohemia smaller and blacker.

Garden angelica is noticed amongst American garden medicinal herbs by McMahon , 1806, and the seed is still sold by our seedsmen.

Sturtevant, Notes on edible plants, 1919.

Grown for medicinal and flavouring purposes in Northern, Central and Western Europe (esp. Finland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Poland, Hungary, and Czech Republic), northern India and Korea. The dried roots and the essential oil officinal (stomachic, carminative) and used for preparing liqueurs (Benedictine, Chartreuse, Boonekamp), perfums and spice extracts. The roots, stems, leaves and fruits formerly widely used in folk medicine (antiseptic expectorans, tonic, diuretic, emmenagogue, external antirheumatic. Young stems and petioles candied for confectionary, as in France, Great Britain and Austria. Leaves serve as condiment for flavouring fish dishes, rhubarb and orange jams. Wild plants of subsp. archangelica have been collected and sheltered as an important vegetable (leaves, young shoots) since ancient times in Greenland and Scandinavia. The cultivation as a medicinal (for the roots) and food plant dates back to the 12th cent. in Scandinavia. In Central Europe it was grown since the 14th cent., in monastic gardens first, esp. as an antidote to the bubonic plague. The var. sativa with numerous adventitious roots possibly evolved only in the 16th cent. Wild distribution: Greenland, Northern and Eastern Europe to Eastern Siberia; eastern Middle Asia to the Himalaya. Naturalized especially in Central and Western Europe.

Mansfeld.

Références

• Arctander, S. - Perfume and flavor materials of natural origin. Arctander, Elizabeth, N. J. (USA) 1960: 736 p.
• Auster, F. & J. Schäfer (1955) - Angelica archangelica L. - Arzneipflanzen 7, 18 Thieme Leipzig: 23 p.
• Baumann, S. - Pflanzenabbildungen in alten Kräuterbüchern. Die Umbelliferen in der Herbarien- und Kräuterbuchliteratur der frühen Neuzeit. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1998: 276 p.
• Becker-Dillingen, J. - Handbuch des gesamten Gemüsebaues. (2nd ed. 1929, 5th ed. 1950, 6th ed. 1956). Parey Berlin 1924: 1065 p.
• Chauvet, Michel, 2018. Encyclopédie des plantes alimentaires. Paris, Belin. 880 p. (p. 731)
• Coats, A. M. - Flowers and their histories. Black London 1968: 346 p.
• Heeger, E. F. - Handbuch des Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenbaues: Drogengewinnung. Deutscher Bauernverlag Berlin 1956: 775 p.
• Hegi, G. - Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa., Ed. 2 V (2) 1966.
• Hendrych, R. (1993) - Bemerkungen zur balkanischen Art Trifolium pseudomedium. - Preslia 65 (2): 131-145.
• Hoang, Ho-Dzun, H. Knüpffer & K. Hammer (1997) - Additional notes to the checklist of Korean cultivated plants (5). Consolidated summary and indexes. - Genet. Resources Crop Evol. 44 (4): 349-391.
• Hälvä, S. (1988): Culinary herbs and spices of Finland (pp 1-23) - In: L. E. Craker & J. E. Simon (eds.) - Herbs, spices and medicinal plants: recent advances in botany, horticulture and phamacology, 3 Oryx Press Phoenix: 220 p.
• Komarov, V. L. (ed.) - Flora SSSR. 17 Akad. Nauk SSSR Moskva-Leningrad 1951: 390 pp.
• Meusel, H., E. Jäger, S. Rauschert & E. Weinert - Vergleichende Chorologie der zetraleuropäischen Flora. 2 Fischer Jena 1978: 418 p.
• Mossberg, B., L. Stenberg & S. Ericsson - Den nordiska floran. Wahlström & Widstrand Stockholm 1992: 696 p.
• Mukherjee, P. K. & L. Constance - Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) of India. Oxford & IHB Publ. New Delhi 1993: 279 p.
• Ojala, A. (1986) - Variation, reproduction and life history strategy of Angelica archangelica ssp. archangelica in Northern Fennoscandia. - Rep. Dept. Biol. Univ. Turku 13: 16 p.
• Page, M. & W. T. Stearn - Culinary herbs., Ed. 3 Cassell London 1992: 64 p.
• Pank, F. (1998) - Der Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzenmarkt in der EU. Maßnahmen zur Verbesserung der Wettbewerbsfähigkeit. - Z. Arznei- & Gewürzpflanzen 3: 77-81.
• Pimenov, M. G. (1983): Umbelliferae (pp 167-322) - In: T. A. Adylov (ed.) - Opredelitel' rastenij Srednej Azii. Kritičeskij konspekt flory T. 7 Fan Tashkent: 415 p.
• Pimenov, M. G. (1996): Apiaceae (pp 123-194) - In: G. A. Peškova (ed.) - Flora Sibiri. T. 10 Nauka Novosibirsk: 252 pp.
• Small, E. - Culinary herbs. (NRC-CNRC Monograph). NRC Research Press Ottawa 1997: 710 p.
• Uphof, J. C. Th. - Dictionary of economic plants., Ed. 2 (1st ed. 1959) Cramer, Lehre 1968: 591 p.
• Vaughan, J. G. (1976): Seed studies in the Cruciferae (pp 119-144) - In: J. G. Vaughan, A. J. Macleod & B. M. G. Jones (eds.) - The biology and chemistry of the Cruciferae Acad. Press London: 355 p.
• Weinert, E. (1973) - Die taxonomische Stellung und das Areal von Angelica archangelica L. und A. lucida L. - Feddes Repert. 84 (4): 303-314.
• Wichtl, M. (ed.) - Teedrogen und Phytopharmaka. Ein Handbuch für die Praxis auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage. Ed. 3 Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 1997: 668 p.

Liens

• BHL
• Grieve's herbal
• GRIN
• IPNI
• Mansfeld
• Moerman, Native American Ethnobotany
• NewCrop Purdue
• Plants for a future
• Tela Botanica
• Wikipédia
• Wikiphyto
• World Flora Online